去年の冬は雪がたくさん降った。

last year

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

winter

topic marker particle; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

snow

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; still; and

a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal; enough; sufficient; enough; too many; too much

to descend; to go down; to come down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; (often in neg. form) to be less than; to be inferior to; to have the runs; to have diarrhea