望遠鏡で見ると、それはたいまつであることがわかった。

telescope

indicates location of action; at; in; indicates time of action; indicates means of action; cause of effect; by; and then; so; indicates continuing action; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe; to look over; to look on; to assess; to examine; to judge; to look after; to keep an eye on; to take care of; to view (e.g. flowers, movie); to try; to try out; to see that...; to find that...

if; when; and; with; particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.); quoting particle; promoted pawn; indicates question (sentence end)

that (indicating an item or person near the listener, the action of the listener, or something on their mind); it; that time; then; there (indicating a place near the listener); you

topic marker particle; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

(pine) torch; flambeau; torchlight

be; is; indicates past or completed action; indicates light imperative

a certain ...; some ...

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis; circumstances; situation; state of affairs; work; business; affair; after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to; nominalizing suffix; pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...; alias; aka; nickname; alternative name; also known as

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; still; and

to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow; to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized; to be realised; to be found out