私の友人がこの夏アメリカへ行った。

I; me; private affairs; personal matter; secrecy; selfishness

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

friend

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; still; and

this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)

summer

America; United States of America

indicates direction or goal (e.g. "to")

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to head (towards); to be transported (towards); to reach; to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk; to die; to pass away; to do (in a specific way); to stream; to flow; to continue; to have an orgasm; to come; to cum; to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination