車が去った後には、もうもうと砂ぼこりが上がった。

car; automobile; vehicle; wheel

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; still; and

to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off; to divorce; ... completely; last ... (e.g. "last April")

later on; subsequently; by and by; after a while

topic marker particle; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

cloud of dust (sand, etc.)

to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water); to come ashore; to increase; to improve; to make progress; to be promoted; to advance; to be made (of profit, etc.); to occur (esp. of a favourable result); to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.); to be finished; to be done; to be over; (of rain) to stop; to lift; to stop (working properly); to cut out; to give out; to die; to win (in a card game, etc.); to be arrested; to turn up (of evidence, etc.); to be deep fried; to be spoken loudly; to get stage fright; to be offered (to the gods, etc.); to go; to visit; to eat; to drink; to be listed (as a candidate); to serve (in one's master's home); to go north; indicates completion