彼は旗を上下に動かした。

he; him; his; boyfriend

topic marker particle; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

flag; pataka (banner)

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

top and bottom; high and low; above and below; upper and lower ends; up and down; going up and down; rising and falling; fluctuating; going and coming back; upper and lower classes; ruler and ruled; the government and the people; first and second volumes

at (place, time); in; on; during; to (direction, state); toward; into; for (purpose); because of (reason); for; with; by; from; as (i.e. in the role of); per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month"); and; in addition to; if; although

to move; to shift; to stir; to budge; to change position; to inspire; to rouse; to move (e.g. feeling); to influence; to change; to alter; to deny; to operate; to set in motion; to get going; to mobilize (e.g. troops); to mobilise; to deploy; to manage (e.g. funds)